Chemical element · Atomic number 82
Lead
Lead in the periodic table: atomic number 82, electron configuration, atomic mass, physical data, oxidation states, media credit and visible sources.
Post-transition metal
solid
207 u
Documented element sampleGranules of elemental lead metal.
Image credit: W. Oelen
Auto-oriented, limited to 1600 × 1200 pixels and re-encoded as WebP; the subject was not altered.
Atomic classification
Shell occupancy
Lead in the Bohr shell model
This shows the electron distribution of the neutral atom in a simplified shell model.
- K · n=1
- 2 electrons
- L · n=2
- 8 electrons
- M · n=3
- 18 electrons
- N · n=4
- 32 electrons
- O · n=5
- 18 electrons
- P · n=6
- 4 electrons
- Electron configuration
- [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2
- Electrons per shell
- 2 · 8 · 18 · 32 · 18 · 4
- Group
- 14
- Period
- 6
- Block
- P
- Element category
- Post-transition metal
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Physical and chemical properties
- Atomic mass
- 207 u
- Standard state
- solid
- Density
- 11.342 g/cm³
- Melting point
- 600.61 K
- Boiling point
- 2,022 K
- Electronegativity
- 2.33 (Pauling)
- First ionisation energy
- 7.417 eV
- Oxidation states
- +4, +2
- Discovery
- known since antiquity
Safety and periodic classification
Safety
Safe handling cannot be inferred from Lead's position in the periodic table alone. Laboratory, classroom and disposal decisions must follow the documentation for the exact material and its safety data sheet.
Position and comparison
Lead is in period 6, group 14 and the P block. Its direct neighbours by atomic number are Thallium and Bismuth. The recorded Pauling electronegativity is 2.33. Periodic trends are compared only through the separately sourced neighbouring values.
Sources and scope
PubChem attributes element data to sources including IUPAC, NIST and IAEA. Quanta stores the referenced snapshot locally and leaves unknown values unavailable.