Chemical element · Atomic number 82
Lead
Lead in the periodic table: atomic number 82, electron configuration, atomic mass, physical data, oxidation states, media credit and visible sources.
Post-transition metal
solid
207 u
Documented element sampleGranules of elemental lead metal.
Image credit: W. Oelen
Auto-oriented, limited to 1600 × 1200 pixels and re-encoded as WebP; the subject was not altered.
Atomic classification
Shell occupancy
Lead in the Bohr shell model
This shows the electron distribution of the neutral atom in a simplified shell model.
- K · n=1
- 2 electrons
- L · n=2
- 8 electrons
- M · n=3
- 18 electrons
- N · n=4
- 32 electrons
- O · n=5
- 18 electrons
- P · n=6
- 4 electrons
- Electron configuration
- [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2
- Electrons per shell
- 2 · 8 · 18 · 32 · 18 · 4
- Group
- 14
- Period
- 6
- Block
- P
- Element category
- Post-transition metal
Physical and chemical properties
- Atomic mass
- 207 u
- Standard state
- solid
- Density
- 11.342 g/cm³
- Melting point
- 600.61 K
- Boiling point
- 2,022 K
- Electronegativity
- 2.33 (Pauling)
- First ionisation energy
- 7.417 eV
- Oxidation states
- +4, +2
- Discovery
- known since antiquity
Safety and periodic classification
Safety
Safe handling cannot be inferred from Lead's position in the periodic table alone. Laboratory, classroom and disposal decisions must follow the documentation for the exact material and its safety data sheet.
Position and comparison
Lead is in period 6, group 14 and the P block. Its direct neighbours by atomic number are Thallium and Bismuth. The recorded Pauling electronegativity is 2.33. Periodic trends are compared only through the separately sourced neighbouring values.
Sources and scope
PubChem attributes element data to sources including IUPAC, NIST and IAEA. Quanta stores the referenced snapshot locally and leaves unknown values unavailable.
Where Lead sits among the 118 elements
The table compares the reported values for Lead with every other element that carries the same value in the snapshot. A rank is not a judgement, it is orientation: it says how unusual this value is across the periodic table.
| Value | Lead | Position in the data set |
|---|---|---|
| Melting point | 600.61 K | Rank 72 of 103 elements with a reported value. Highest: Carbon. |
| Boiling point | 2,022 K | Rank 57 of 93 elements with a reported value. Highest: Rhenium. |
| Density | 11.342 g/cm³ | Rank 22 of 96 elements with a reported value. Highest: Osmium. |
| Electronegativity (Pauling) | 2.33 | Rank 14 of 95 elements with a reported value. Highest: Fluorine. |
| Ionisation energy | 7.417 eV | Rank 46 of 102 elements with a reported value. Highest: Helium. |
All values and ranks come from the PubChem Periodic Table snapshot, retrieved on 2026-07-15. Elements without a reported value are excluded, so the population differs per row.
The neighbours of Lead in the periodic table
- Place in the table
- Group 14, period 6, P block. Classified as post-transition metal, solid at standard conditions.
- Direct neighbours
- Atomic number 82. Preceded by Thallium, followed by Bismuth.
- Same group
- Same number of outer electrons, and therefore similar reactivity to Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Flerovium.
- Discovery
- Recorded in the snapshot as: known since antiquity. Who, where and under what circumstances is not part of that record, so this page carries the sourced year and no discovery narrative.
- Oxidation states
- +4, +2. They follow from the electron configuration [Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2 and indicate which compounds to expect.
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