Chemical element · Atomic number 31
Gallium
Gallium in the periodic table: atomic number 31, electron configuration, atomic mass, physical data, oxidation states, media credit and visible sources.
Post-transition metal
solid
69.723 u
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Atomic classification
Shell occupancy
Gallium in the Bohr shell model
This shows the electron distribution of the neutral atom in a simplified shell model.
- K · n=1
- 2 electrons
- L · n=2
- 8 electrons
- M · n=3
- 18 electrons
- N · n=4
- 3 electrons
- Electron configuration
- [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p1
- Electrons per shell
- 2 · 8 · 18 · 3
- Group
- 13
- Period
- 4
- Block
- P
- Element category
- Post-transition metal
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Physical and chemical properties
- Atomic mass
- 69.723 u
- Standard state
- solid
- Density
- 5.91 g/cm³
- Melting point
- 302.91 K
- Boiling point
- 2,477 K
- Electronegativity
- 1.81 (Pauling)
- First ionisation energy
- 5.999 eV
- Oxidation states
- +3
- Discovery
- 1875
Safety and periodic classification
Safety
Safe handling cannot be inferred from Gallium's position in the periodic table alone. Laboratory, classroom and disposal decisions must follow the documentation for the exact material and its safety data sheet.
Position and comparison
Gallium is in period 4, group 13 and the P block. Its direct neighbours by atomic number are Zinc and Germanium. The recorded Pauling electronegativity is 1.81. Periodic trends are compared only through the separately sourced neighbouring values.
Sources and scope
PubChem attributes element data to sources including IUPAC, NIST and IAEA. Quanta stores the referenced snapshot locally and leaves unknown values unavailable.